memory.c

/*
 *  linux/mm/memory.c
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994  Linus Torvalds
 */

/*
 * demand-loading started 01.12.91 - seems it is high on the list of
 * things wanted, and it should be easy to implement. - Linus
 */

/*
 * Ok, demand-loading was easy, shared pages a little bit tricker. Shared
 * pages started 02.12.91, seems to work. - Linus.
 *
 * Tested sharing by executing about 30 /bin/sh: under the old kernel it
 * would have taken more than the 6M I have free, but it worked well as
 * far as I could see.
 *
 * Also corrected some "invalidate()"s - I wasn't doing enough of them.
 */

/*
 * Real VM (paging to/from disk) started 18.12.91. Much more work and
 * thought has to go into this. Oh, well..
 * 19.12.91  -  works, somewhat. Sometimes I get faults, don't know why.
 *		Found it. Everything seems to work now.
 * 20.12.91  -  Ok, making the swap-device changeable like the root.
 */

/*
 * 05.04.94  -  Multi-page memory management added for v1.1.
 * 		Idea by Alex Bligh (alex@cconcepts.co.uk)
 *
 * 16.07.99  -  Support of BIGMEM added by Gerhard Wichert, Siemens AG
 *		(Gerhard.Wichert@pdb.siemens.de)
 *
 * Aug/Sep 2004 Changed to four level page tables (Andi Kleen)
 */

#include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/hugetlb.h>
#include <linux/mman.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/highmem.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/ksm.h>
#include <linux/rmap.h>
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <linux/delayacct.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/writeback.h>
#include <linux/memcontrol.h>
#include <linux/mmu_notifier.h>
#include <linux/kallsyms.h>
#include <linux/swapops.h>
#include <linux/elf.h>
#include <linux/gfp.h>
#include <linux/migrate.h>
#include <linux/string.h>

#include <asm/io.h>
#include <asm/pgalloc.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <asm/tlb.h>
#include <asm/tlbflush.h>
#include <asm/pgtable.h>

#include "internal.h"

#ifdef LAST_NID_NOT_IN_PAGE_FLAGS
#warning Unfortunate NUMA and NUMA Balancing config, growing page-frame for last_nid.
#endif

#ifndef CONFIG_NEED_MULTIPLE_NODES
/* use the per-pgdat data instead for discontigmem - mbligh */
unsigned long max_mapnr;
struct page *mem_map;

EXPORT_SYMBOL(max_mapnr);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(mem_map);
#endif

/*
 * A number of key systems in x86 including ioremap() rely on the assumption
 * that high_memory defines the upper bound on direct map memory, then end
 * of ZONE_NORMAL.  Under CONFIG_DISCONTIG this means that max_low_pfn and
 * highstart_pfn must be the same; there must be no gap between ZONE_NORMAL
 * and ZONE_HIGHMEM.
 */
void * high_memory;

EXPORT_SYMBOL(high_memory);

/*
 * Randomize the address space (stacks, mmaps, brk, etc.).
 *
 * ( When CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK=y we exclude brk from randomization,
 *   as ancient (libc5 based) binaries can segfault. )
 */
int randomize_va_space __read_mostly =
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK
					1;
#else
					2;
#endif

static int __init disable_randmaps(char *s)
{
	randomize_va_space = 0;
	return 1;
}
__setup("norandmaps", disable_randmaps);

unsigned long zero_pfn __read_mostly;
unsigned long highest_memmap_pfn __read_mostly;

/*
 * CONFIG_MMU architectures set up ZERO_PAGE in their paging_init()
 */
static int __init init_zero_pfn(void)
{
	zero_pfn = page_to_pfn(ZERO_PAGE(0));
	return 0;
}
core_initcall(init_zero_pfn);


#if defined(SPLIT_RSS_COUNTING)

void sync_mm_rss(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < NR_MM_COUNTERS; i++) {
		if (current->rss_stat.count[i]) {
			add_mm_counter(mm, i, current->rss_stat.count[i]);
			current->rss_stat.count[i] = 0;
		}
	}
	current->rss_stat.events = 0;
}

static void add_mm_counter_fast(struct mm_struct *mm, int member, int val)
{
	struct task_struct *task = current;

	if (likely(task->mm == mm))
		task->rss_stat.count[member] += val;
	else
		add_mm_counter(mm, member, val);
}
#define inc_mm_counter_fast(mm, member) add_mm_counter_fast(mm, member, 1)
#define dec_mm_counter_fast(mm, member) add_mm_counter_fast(mm, member, -1)

/* sync counter once per 64 page faults */
#define TASK_RSS_EVENTS_THRESH	(64)
static void check_sync_rss_stat(struct task_struct *task)
{
	if (unlikely(task != current))
		return;
	if (unlikely(task->rss_stat.events++ > TASK_RSS_EVENTS_THRESH))
		sync_mm_rss(task->mm);
}
#else /* SPLIT_RSS_COUNTING */

#define inc_mm_counter_fast(mm, member) inc_mm_counter(mm, member)
#define dec_mm_counter_fast(mm, member) dec_mm_counter(mm, member)

static void check_sync_rss_stat(struct task_struct *task)
{
}

#endif /* SPLIT_RSS_COUNTING */

#ifdef HAVE_GENERIC_MMU_GATHER

static int tlb_next_batch(struct mmu_gather *tlb)
{
	struct mmu_gather_batch *batch;

	batch = tlb->active;
	if (batch->next) {
		tlb->active = batch->next;
		return 1;
	}

	if (tlb->batch_count == MAX_GATHER_BATCH_COUNT)
		return 0;

	batch = (void *)__get_free_pages(GFP_NOWAIT | __GFP_NOWARN, 0);
	if (!batch)
		return 0;

	tlb->batch_count++;
	batch->next = NULL;
	batch->nr   = 0;
	batch->max  = MAX_GATHER_BATCH;

	tlb->active->next = batch;
	tlb->active = batch;

	return 1;
}

/* tlb_gather_mmu
 *	Called to initialize an (on-stack) mmu_gather structure for page-table
 *	tear-down from @mm. The @fullmm argument is used when @mm is without
 *	users and we're going to destroy the full address space (exit/execve).
 */
void tlb_gather_mmu(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct mm_struct *mm, bool fullmm)
{
	tlb->mm = mm;

	tlb->fullmm     = fullmm;
	tlb->need_flush_all = 0;
	tlb->start	= -1UL;
	tlb->end	= 0;
	tlb->need_flush = 0;
	tlb->local.next = NULL;
	tlb->local.nr   = 0;
	tlb->local.max  = ARRAY_SIZE(tlb->__pages);
	tlb->active     = &tlb->local;
	tlb->batch_count = 0;

#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_RCU_TABLE_FREE
	tlb->batch = NULL;
#endif
}

void tlb_flush_mmu(struct mmu_gather *tlb)
{
	struct mmu_gather_batch *batch;

	if (!tlb->need_flush)
		return;
	tlb->need_flush = 0;
	tlb_flush(tlb);
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_RCU_TABLE_FREE
	tlb_table_flush(tlb);
#endif

	for (batch = &tlb->local; batch; batch = batch->next) {
		free_pages_and_swap_cache(batch->pages, batch->nr);
		batch->nr = 0;
	}
	tlb->active = &tlb->local;
}

/* tlb_finish_mmu
 *	Called at the end of the shootdown operation to free up any resources
 *	that were required.
 */
void tlb_finish_mmu(struct mmu_gather *tlb, unsigned long start, unsigned long end)
{
	struct mmu_gather_batch *batch, *next;

	tlb->start = start;
	tlb->end   = end;
	tlb_flush_mmu(tlb);

	/* keep the page table cache within bounds */
	check_pgt_cache();

	for (batch = tlb->local.next; batch; batch = next) {
		next = batch->next;
		free_pages((unsigned long)batch, 0);
	}
	tlb->local.next = NULL;
}

/* __tlb_remove_page
 *	Must perform the equivalent to __free_pte(pte_get_and_clear(ptep)), while
 *	handling the additional races in SMP caused by other CPUs caching valid
 *	mappings in their TLBs. Returns the number of free page slots left.
 *	When out of page slots we must call tlb_flush_mmu().
 */
int __tlb_remove_page(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct page *page)
{
	struct mmu_gather_batch *batch;

	VM_BUG_ON(!tlb->need_flush);

	batch = tlb->active;
	batch->pages[batch->nr++] = page;
	if (batch->nr == batch->max) {
		if (!tlb_next_batch(tlb))
			return 0;
		batch = tlb->active;
	}
	VM_BUG_ON(batch->nr > batch->max);

	return batch->max - batch->nr;
}

#endif /* HAVE_GENERIC_MMU_GATHER */

#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_RCU_TABLE_FREE

/*
 * See the comment near struct mmu_table_batch.
 */

static void tlb_remove_table_smp_sync(void *arg)
{
	/* Simply deliver the interrupt */
}

static void tlb_remove_table_one(void *table)
{
	/*
	 * This isn't an RCU grace period and hence the page-tables cannot be
	 * assumed to be actually RCU-freed.
	 *
	 * It is however sufficient for software page-table walkers that rely on
	 * IRQ disabling. See the comment near struct mmu_table_batch.
	 */
	smp_call_function(tlb_remove_table_smp_sync, NULL, 1);
	__tlb_remove_table(table);
}

static void tlb_remove_table_rcu(struct rcu_head *head)
{
	struct mmu_table_batch *batch;
	int i;

	batch = container_of(head, struct mmu_table_batch, rcu);

	for (i = 0; i < batch->nr; i++)
		__tlb_remove_table(batch->tables[i]);

	free_page((unsigned long)batch);
}

void tlb_table_flush(struct mmu_gather *tlb)
{
	struct mmu_table_batch **batch = &tlb->batch;

	if (*batch) {
		call_rcu_sched(&(*batch)->rcu, tlb_remove_table_rcu);
		*batch = NULL;
	}
}

void tlb_remove_table(struct mmu_gather *tlb, void *table)
{
	struct mmu_table_batch **batch = &tlb->batch;

	tlb->need_flush = 1;

	/*
	 * When there's less then two users of this mm there cannot be a
	 * concurrent page-table walk.
	 */
	if (atomic_read(&tlb->mm->mm_users) < 2) {
		__tlb_remove_table(table);
		return;
	}

	if (*batch == NULL) {
		*batch = (struct mmu_table_batch *)__get_free_page(GFP_NOWAIT | __GFP_NOWARN);
		if (*batch == NULL) {
			tlb_remove_table_one(table);
			return;
		}
		(*batch)->nr = 0;
	}
	(*batch)->tables[(*batch)->nr++] = table;
	if ((*batch)->nr == MAX_TABLE_BATCH)
		tlb_table_flush(tlb);
}

#endif /* CONFIG_HAVE_RCU_TABLE_FREE */

/*
 * If a p?d_bad entry is found while walking page tables, report
 * the error, before resetting entry to p?d_none.  Usually (but
 * very seldom) called out from the p?d_none_or_clear_bad macros.
 */

void pgd_clear_bad(pgd_t *pgd)
{
	pgd_ERROR(*pgd);
	pgd_clear(pgd);
}

void pud_clear_bad(pud_t *pud)
{
	pud_ERROR(*pud);
	pud_clear(pud);
}

void pmd_clear_bad(pmd_t *pmd)
{
	pmd_ERROR(*pmd);
	pmd_clear(pmd);
}

/*
 * Note: this doesn't free the actual pages themselves. That
 * has been handled earlier when unmapping all the memory regions.
 */
static void free_pte_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb, pmd_t *pmd,
			   unsigned long addr)
{
	pgtable_t token = pmd_pgtable(*pmd);
	pmd_clear(pmd);
	pte_free_tlb(tlb, token, addr);
	tlb->mm->nr_ptes--;
}

static inline void free_pmd_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb, pud_t *pud,
				unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
				unsigned long floor, unsigned long ceiling)
{
	pmd_t *pmd;
	unsigned long next;
	unsigned long start;

	start = addr;
	pmd = pmd_offset(pud, addr);
	do {
		next = pmd_addr_end(addr, end);
		if (pmd_none_or_clear_bad(pmd))
			continue;
		free_pte_range(tlb, pmd, addr);
	} while (pmd++, addr = next, addr != end);

	start &= PUD_MASK;
	if (start < floor)
		return;
	if (ceiling) {
		ceiling &= PUD_MASK;
		if (!ceiling)
			return;
	}
	if (end - 1 > ceiling - 1)
		return;

	pmd = pmd_offset(pud, start);
	pud_clear(pud);
	pmd_free_tlb(tlb, pmd, start);
}

static inline void free_pud_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb, pgd_t *pgd,
				unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
				unsigned long floor, unsigned long ceiling)
{
	pud_t *pud;
	unsigned long next;
	unsigned long start;

	start = addr;
	pud = pud_offset(pgd, addr);
	do {
		next = pud_addr_end(addr, end);
		if (pud_none_or_clear_bad(pud))
			continue;
		free_pmd_range(tlb, pud, addr, next, floor, ceiling);
	} while (pud++, addr = next, addr != end);

	start &= PGDIR_MASK;
	if (start < floor)
		return;
	if (ceiling) {
		ceiling &= PGDIR_MASK;
		if (!ceiling)
			return;
	}
	if (end - 1 > ceiling - 1)
		return;

	pud = pud_offset(pgd, start);
	pgd_clear(pgd);
	pud_free_tlb(tlb, pud, start);
}

/*
 * This function frees user-level page tables of a process.
 *
 * Must be called with pagetable lock held.
 */
void free_pgd_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
			unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
			unsigned long floor, unsigned long ceiling)
{
	pgd_t *pgd;
	unsigned long next;

	/*
	 * The next few lines have given us lots of grief...
	 *
	 * Why are we testing PMD* at this top level?  Because often
	 * there will be no work to do at all, and we'd prefer not to
	 * go all the way down to the bottom just to discover that.
	 *
	 * Why all these "- 1"s?  Because 0 represents both the bottom
	 * of the address space and the top of it (using -1 for the
	 * top wouldn't help much: the masks would do the wrong thing).
	 * The rule is that addr 0 and floor 0 refer to the bottom of
	 * the address space, but end 0 and ceiling 0 refer to the top
	 * Comparisons need to use "end - 1" and "ceiling - 1" (though
	 * that end 0 case should be mythical).
	 *
	 * Wherever addr is brought up or ceiling brought down, we must
	 * be careful to reject "the opposite 0" before it confuses the
	 * subsequent tests.  But what about where end is brought down
	 * by PMD_SIZE below? no, end can't go down to 0 there.
	 *
	 * Whereas we round start (addr) and ceiling down, by different
	 * masks at different levels, in order to test whether a table
	 * now has no other vmas using it, so can be freed, we don't
	 * bother to round floor or end up - the tests don't need that.
	 */

	addr &= PMD_MASK;
	if (addr < floor) {
		addr += PMD_SIZE;
		if (!addr)
			return;
	}
	if (ceiling) {
		ceiling &= PMD_MASK;
		if (!ceiling)
			return;
	}
	if (end - 1 > ceiling - 1)
		end -= PMD_SIZE;
	if (addr > end - 1)
		return;

	pgd = pgd_offset(tlb->mm, addr);
	do {
		next = pgd_addr_end(addr, end);
		if (pgd_none_or_clear_bad(pgd))
			continue;
		free_pud_range(tlb, pgd, addr, next, floor, ceiling);
	} while (pgd++, addr = next, addr != end);
}

void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
		unsigned long floor, unsigned long ceiling)
{
	while (vma) {
		struct vm_area_struct *next = vma->vm_next;
		unsigned long addr = vma->vm_start;

		/*
		 * Hide vma from rmap and truncate_pagecache before freeing
		 * pgtables
		 */
		unlink_anon_vmas(vma);
		unlink_file_vma(vma);

		if (is_vm_hugetlb_page(vma)) {
			hugetlb_free_pgd_range(tlb, addr, vma->vm_end,
				floor, next? next->vm_start: ceiling);
		} else {
			/*
			 * Optimization: gather nearby vmas into one call down
			 */
			while (next && next->vm_start <= vma->vm_end + PMD_SIZE
			       && !is_vm_hugetlb_page(next)) {
				vma = next;
				next = vma->vm_next;
				unlink_anon_vmas(vma);
				unlink_file_vma(vma);
			}
			free_pgd_range(tlb, addr, vma->vm_end,
				floor, next? next->vm_start: ceiling);
		}
		vma = next;
	}
}

int __pte_alloc(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
		pmd_t *pmd, unsigned long address)
{
	pgtable_t new = pte_alloc_one(mm, address);
	int wait_split_huge_page;
	if (!new)
		return -ENOMEM;

	/*
	 * Ensure all pte setup (eg. pte page lock and page clearing) are
	 * visible before the pte is made visible to other CPUs by being
	 * put into page tables.
	 *
	 * The other side of the story is the pointer chasing in the page
	 * table walking code (when walking the page table without locking;
	 * ie. most of the time). Fortunately, these data accesses consist
	 * of a chain of data-dependent loads, meaning most CPUs (alpha
	 * being the notable exception) will already guarantee loads are
	 * seen in-order. See the alpha page table accessors for the
	 * smp_read_barrier_depends() barriers in page table walking code.
	 */
	smp_wmb(); /* Could be smp_wmb__xxx(before|after)_spin_lock */

	spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock);
	wait_split_huge_page = 0;
	if (likely(pmd_none(*pmd))) {	/* Has another populated it ? */
		mm->nr_ptes++;
		pmd_populate(mm, pmd, new);
		new = NULL;
	} else if (unlikely(pmd_trans_splitting(*pmd)))
		wait_split_huge_page = 1;
	spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
	if (new)
		pte_free(mm, new);
	if (wait_split_huge_page)
		wait_split_huge_page(vma->anon_vma, pmd);
	return 0;
}

int __pte_alloc_kernel(pmd_t *pmd, unsigned long address)
{
	pte_t *new = pte_alloc_one_kernel(&init_mm, address);
	if (!new)
		return -ENOMEM;

	smp_wmb(); /* See comment in __pte_alloc */

	spin_lock(&init_mm.page_table_lock);
	if (likely(pmd_none(*pmd))) {	/* Has another populated it ? */
		pmd_populate_kernel(&init_mm, pmd, new);
		new = NULL;
	} else
		VM_BUG_ON(pmd_trans_splitting(*pmd));
	spin_unlock(&init_mm.page_table_lock);
	if (new)
		pte_free_kernel(&init_mm, new);
	return 0;
}

static inline void init_rss_vec(int *rss)
{
	memset(rss, 0, sizeof(int) * NR_MM_COUNTERS);
}

static inline void add_mm_rss_vec(struct mm_struct *mm, int *rss)
{
	int i;

	if (current->mm == mm)
		sync_mm_rss(mm);
	for (i = 0; i < NR_MM_COUNTERS; i++)
		if (rss[i])
			add_mm_counter(mm, i, rss[i]);
}

/*
 * This function is called to print an error when a bad pte
 * is found. For example, we might have a PFN-mapped pte in
 * a region that doesn't allow it.
 *
 * The calling function must still handle the error.
 */
static void print_bad_pte(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
			  pte_t pte, struct page *page)
{
	pgd_t *pgd = pgd_offset(vma->vm_mm, addr);
	pud_t *pud = pud_offset(pgd, addr);
	pmd_t *pmd = pmd_offset(pud, addr);
	struct address_space *mapping;
	pgoff_t index;
	static unsigned long resume;
	static unsigned long nr_shown;
	static unsigned long nr_unshown;

	/*
	 * Allow a burst of 60 reports, then keep quiet for that minute;
	 * or allow a steady drip of one report per second.
	 */
	if (nr_shown == 60) {
		if (time_before(jiffies, resume)) {
			nr_unshown++;
			return;
		}
		if (nr_unshown) {
			printk(KERN_ALERT
				"BUG: Bad page map: %lu messages suppressed\n",
				nr_unshown);
			nr_unshown = 0;
		}
		nr_shown = 0;
	}
	if (nr_shown++ == 0)
		resume = jiffies + 60 * HZ;

	mapping = vma->vm_file ? vma->vm_file->f_mapping : NULL;
	index = linear_page_index(vma, addr);

	printk(KERN_ALERT
		"BUG: Bad page map in process %s  pte:%08llx pmd:%08llx\n",
		current->comm,
		(long long)pte_val(pte), (long long)pmd_val(*pmd));
	if (page)
		dump_page(page);
	printk(KERN_ALERT
		"addr:%p vm_flags:%08lx anon_vma:%p mapping:%p index:%lx\n",
		(void *)addr, vma->vm_flags, vma->anon_vma, mapping, index);
	/*
	 * Choose text because data symbols depend on CONFIG_KALLSYMS_ALL=y
	 */
	if (vma->vm_ops)
		printk(KERN_ALERT "vma->vm_ops->fault: %pSR\n",
		       vma->vm_ops->fault);
	if (vma->vm_file && vma->vm_file->f_op)
		printk(KERN_ALERT "vma->vm_file->f_op->mmap: %pSR\n",
		       vma->vm_file->f_op->mmap);
	dump_stack();
	add_taint(TAINT_BAD_PAGE, LOCKDEP_NOW_UNRELIABLE);
}

static inline bool is_cow_mapping(vm_flags_t flags)
{
	return (flags & (VM_SHARED | VM_MAYWRITE)) == VM_MAYWRITE;
}

/*
 * vm_normal_page -- This function gets the "struct page" associated with a pte.
 *
 * "Special" mappings do not wish to be associated with a "struct page" (either
 * it doesn't exist, or it exists but they don't want to touch it). In this
 * case, NULL is returned here. "Normal" mappings do have a struct page.
 *
 * There are 2 broad cases. Firstly, an architecture may define a pte_special()
 * pte bit, in which case this function is trivial. Secondly, an architecture
 * may not have a spare pte bit, which requires a more complicated scheme,
 * described below.
 *
 * A raw VM_PFNMAP mapping (ie. one that is not COWed) is always considered a
 * special mapping (even if there are underlying and valid "struct pages").
 * COWed pages of a VM_PFNMAP are always normal.
 *
 * The way we recognize COWed pages within VM_PFNMAP mappings is through the
 * rules set up by "remap_pfn_range()": the vma will have the VM_PFNMAP bit
 * set, and the vm_pgoff will point to the first PFN mapped: thus every special
 * mapping will always honor the rule
 *
 *	pfn_of_page == vma->vm_pgoff + ((addr - vma->vm_start) >> PAGE_SHIFT)
 *
 * And for normal mappings this is false.
 *
 * This restricts such mappings to be a linear translation from virtual address
 * to pfn. To get around this restriction, we allow arbitrary mappings so long
 * as the vma is not a COW mapping; in that case, we know that all ptes are
 * special (because none can have been COWed).
 *
 *
 * In order to support COW of arbitrary special mappings, we have VM_MIXEDMAP.
 *
 * VM_MIXEDMAP mappings can likewise contain memory with or without "struct
 * page" backing, however the difference is that _all_ pages with a struct
 * page (that is, those where pfn_valid is true) are refcounted and considered
 * normal pages by the VM. The disadvantage is that pages are refcounted
 * (which can be slower and simply not an option for some PFNMAP users). The
 * advantage is that we don't have to follow the strict linearity rule of
 * PFNMAP mappings in order to support COWable mappings.
 *
 */
#ifdef __HAVE_ARCH_PTE_SPECIAL
# define HAVE_PTE_SPECIAL 1
#else
# define HAVE_PTE_SPECIAL 0
#endif
struct page *vm_normal_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
				pte_t pte)
{
	unsigned long pfn = pte_pfn(pte);

	if (HAVE_PTE_SPECIAL) {
		if (likely(!pte_special(pte)))
			goto check_pfn;
		if (vma->vm_flags & (VM_PFNMAP | VM_MIXEDMAP))
			return NULL;
		if (!is_zero_pfn(pfn))
			print_bad_pte(vma, addr, pte, NULL);
		return NULL;
	}

	/* !HAVE_PTE_SPECIAL case follows: */

	if (unlikely(vma->vm_flags & (VM_PFNMAP|VM_MIXEDMAP))) {
		if (vma->vm_flags & VM_MIXEDMAP) {
			if (!pfn_valid(pfn))
				return NULL;
			goto out;
		} else {
			unsigned long off;
			off = (addr - vma->vm_start) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
			if (pfn == vma->vm_pgoff + off)
				return NULL;
			if (!is_cow_mapping(vma->vm_flags))
				return NULL;
		}
	}

	if (is_zero_pfn(pfn))
		return NULL;
check_pfn:
	if (unlikely(pfn > highest_memmap_pfn)) {
		print_bad_pte(vma, addr, pte, NULL);
		return NULL;
	}

	/*
	 * NOTE! We still have PageReserved() pages in the page tables.
	 * eg. VDSO mappings can cause them to exist.
	 */
out:
	return pfn_to_page(pfn);
}

/*
 * copy one vm_area from one task to the other. Assumes the page tables
 * already present in the new task to be cleared in the whole range
 * covered by this vma.
 */

static inline unsigned long
copy_one_pte(struct mm_struct *dst_mm, struct mm_struct *src_mm,
		pte_t *dst_pte, pte_t *src_pte, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
		unsigned long addr, int *rss)
{
	unsigned long vm_flags = vma->vm_flags;
	pte_t pte = *src_pte;
	struct page *page;

	/* pte contains position in swap or file, so copy. */
	if (unlikely(!pte_present(pte))) {
		if (!pte_file(pte)) {
			swp_entry_t entry = pte_to_swp_entry(pte);

			if (swap_duplicate(entry) < 0)
				return entry.val;

			/* make sure dst_mm is on swapoff's mmlist. */
			if (unlikely(list_empty(&dst_mm->mmlist))) {
				spin_lock(&mmlist_lock);
				if (list_empty(&dst_mm->mmlist))
					list_add(&dst_mm->mmlist,
						 &src_mm->mmlist);
				spin_unlock(&mmlist_lock);
			}
			if (likely(!non_swap_entry(entry)))
				rss[MM_SWAPENTS]++;
			else if (is_migration_entry(entry)) {
				page = migration_entry_to_page(entry);

				if (PageAnon(page))
					rss[MM_ANONPAGES]++;
				else
					rss[MM_FILEPAGES]++;

				if (is_write_migration_entry(entry) &&
				    is_cow_mapping(vm_flags)) {
					/*
					 * COW mappings require pages in both
					 * parent and child to be set to read.
					 */
					make_migration_entry_read(&entry);
					pte = swp_entry_to_pte(entry);
					set_pte_at(src_mm, addr, src_pte, pte);
				}
			}
		}
		goto out_set_pte;
	}

	/*
	 * If it's a COW mapping, write protect it both
	 * in the parent and the child
	 */
	if (is_cow_mapping(vm_flags)) {
		ptep_set_wrprotect(src_mm, addr, src_pte);
		pte = pte_wrprotect(pte);
	}

	/*
	 * If it's a shared mapping, mark it clean in
	 * the child
	 */
	if (vm_flags & VM_SHARED)
		pte = pte_mkclean(pte);
	pte = pte_mkold(pte);

	page = vm_normal_page(vma, addr, pte);
	if (page) {
		get_page(page);
		page_dup_rmap(page);
		if (PageAnon(page))
			rss[MM_ANONPAGES]++;
		else
			rss[MM_FILEPAGES]++;
	}

out_set_pte:
	set_pte_at(dst_mm, addr, dst_pte, pte);
	return 0;
}

int copy_pte_range(struct mm_struct *dst_mm, struct mm_struct *src_mm,
		   pmd_t *dst_pmd, pmd_t *src_pmd, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
		   unsigned long addr, unsigned long end)
{
	pte_t *orig_src_pte, *orig_dst_pte;
	pte_t *src_pte, *dst_pte;
	spinlock_t *src_ptl, *dst_ptl;
	int progress = 0;
	int rss[NR_MM_COUNTERS];
	swp_entry_t entry = (swp_entry_t){0};

again:
	init_rss_vec(rss);

	dst_pte = pte_alloc_map_lock(dst_mm, dst_pmd, addr, &dst_ptl);
	if (!dst_pte)
		return -ENOMEM;
	src_pte = pte_offset_map(src_pmd, addr);
	src_ptl = pte_lockptr(src_mm, src_pmd);
	spin_lock_nested(src_ptl, SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);
	orig_src_pte = src_pte;
	orig_dst_pte = dst_pte;
	arch_enter_lazy_mmu_mode();

	do {
		/*
		 * We are holding two locks at this point - either of them
		 * could generate latencies in another task on another CPU.
		 */
		if (progress >= 32) {
			progress = 0;
			if (need_resched() ||
			    spin_needbreak(src_ptl) || spin_needbreak(dst_ptl))
				break;
		}
		if (pte_none(*src_pte)) {
			progress++;
			continue;
		}
		entry.val = copy_one_pte(dst_mm, src_mm, dst_pte, src_pte,
							vma, addr, rss);
		if (entry.val)
			break;
		progress += 8;
	} while (dst_pte++, src_pte++, addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);

	arch_leave_lazy_mmu_mode();
	spin_unlock(src_ptl);
	pte_unmap(orig_src_pte);
	add_mm_rss_vec(dst_mm, rss);
	pte_unmap_unlock(orig_dst_pte, dst_ptl);
	cond_resched();

	if (entry.val) {
		if (add_swap_count_continuation(entry, GFP_KERNEL) < 0)
			return -ENOMEM;
		progress = 0;
	}
	if (addr != end)
		goto again;
	return 0;
}

static inline int copy_pmd_range(struct mm_struct *dst_mm, struct mm_struct *src_mm,
		pud_t *dst_pud, pud_t *src_pud, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
		unsigned long addr, unsigned long end)
{
	pmd_t *src_pmd, *dst_pmd;
	unsigned long next;

	dst_pmd = pmd_alloc(dst_mm, dst_pud, addr);
	if (!dst_pmd)
		return -ENOMEM;
	src_pmd = pmd_offset(src_pud, addr);
	do {
		next = pmd_addr_end(addr, end);
		if (pmd_trans_huge(*src_pmd)) {
			int err;
			VM_BUG_ON(next-addr != HPAGE_PMD_SIZE);
			err = copy_huge_pmd(dst_mm, src_mm,
					    dst_pmd, src_pmd, addr, vma);
			if (err == -ENOMEM)
				return -ENOMEM;
			if (!err)
				continue;
			/* fall through */
		}
		if (pmd_none_or_clear_bad(src_pmd))
			continue;
		if (copy_pte_range(dst_mm, src_mm, dst_pmd, src_pmd,
						vma, addr, next))
			return -ENOMEM;
	} while (dst_pmd++, src_pmd++, addr = next, addr != end);
	return 0;
}

static inline int copy_pud_range(struct mm_struct *dst_mm, struct mm_struct *src_mm,