hfsplus: add missing extent locking in hfsplus_write_inode

Most of the extent handling code already does proper SMP locking, but
hfsplus_write_inode was calling into hfsplus_ext_write_extent without
taking the extents_lock.  Fix this by splitting hfsplus_ext_write_extent
into an internal helper that expects the lock, and a public interface
that first acquires it.

Also add a few locking asserts and document the locking rules in
hfsplus_fs.h.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@tuxera.com>